Lietuviškai

                   THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF                   
                    THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA                    

                             RULING                              

       On the compliance of the Seimas of the Republic of        
         Lithuania resolution "On amending item 5 of the         
        resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic        
         of Lithuania "On the procedure for implementing         
                    the Republic of Lithuania                    
         Law on Citizenship", adopted 22 December 1993,          
                            with the                             
            Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania            

                     13 April 1994, Vilnius                      

     The  Constitutional  Court  of  the  Republic  of Lithuania,
composed  from  the Justices of the Constitutional Court Algirdas
Gailiūnas,    Kęstutis   Lapinskas,   Zigmas   Levickis,   Vladas
Pavilonis,   Pranas   Vytautas  Rasimavičius,  Stasys  Stačiokas,
Teodora Staugaitienė and Juozas Žilys,
     the secretary of the hearing - Sigutė Brusovienė,
     the     petitioner     -    Vilija    Aleknaitė-Abramikienė,
representative of a group of Seimas members ,
     the  party  concerned - Seimas member Petras Papovas, Seimas
representative,
     pursuant  to  Part 1, Article 102 of the Constitution of the
Republic  of  Lithuania  and  Part 1, Article 1 of the Law on the
Constitutional  Court  of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania,  in  its
public  hearing  of  8  April 1994 conducted the investigation of
Case  No  7/94  subsequent to the petition submitted to the Court
by  a  group  of  the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania members
requesting  to  investigate  if  Seimas  resolution  "On amending
item  5  of the resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic
"On  the  procedure  for  implementing  the Republic of Lithuania
Law  on  Citizenship", adopted 22 December 1993, is in compliance
with  Articles  12,  28  and  the first part of Article 29 of the
Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania.
  
     The Constitutional Court
     has established:

     On   22  December  1993,  the  Seimas  of  the  Republic  of
Lithuania   adopted   resolution  "On  amending  item  5  of  the
resolution  of  the  Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania
"On  the  procedure  for  implementing  the Republic of Lithuania
Law  on  Citizenship"" (Official Gazette "Valstybės Žinios", No 2
-24, 1994).
     The  petitioner  -  a group of the Seimas members - requests
the  Constitutional  Court  to  recognize  that Seimas resolution
"On  amending  item 5 of the resolution of the Supreme Council of
the  Republic  of  Lithuania"  On  the procedure for implementing
the  Republic  of  Lithuania  Law on Citizenship" ", 22 December,
1993   Article   29  of  the  Constitution  of  the  Republic  of
Lithuania.
     The  petitioner  grounds  his  request on the fact that said
resolution  establishes  the  norm  that persons having served in
the  armed  forces  of  the  Soviet  Union  and having terminated
their  service  within  the period up to 1 march 1992 and up to 4
November  1994  having  been  issued a Citizen of the republic of
Lithuania  Certification  Card  or  a Certification Testifying to
the  (Person's)  Decision  to acquire Citizenship of the Republic
of  Lithuania  ,  have  citizenship  of the Republic of Lithuania
and  may  be  issued the passport of a citizen of the republic of
Lithuania.  In  the  petitioner's  opinion,  in Article 12 of the
Constitution  it  is  specified, that citizenship of the Republic
of  Lithuania  shall  be  acquired  by  birth  or  on other bases
established  by  law  and  the  procedure for the acquisition and
loss  of  citizenship shall be established by law, whereas Seimas
has resolved this issue by adopting said resolution.
     The  petitioner  has stated that said resolution contradicts
the  second  part  of  Article 12 of the Constitution in which it
is  determined  that,  with the exception of cases established by
law,  no  person  may  be  a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania
and  another  state  at the same time. "Persons who served in the
armed  forces  as  well  as  another repressive structures of the
Soviet  Union,  had  to  be and were citizen of the Soviet Union,
therefore,  documents  to  their decisions to acquire citizenship
of  the  Republic of Lithuania, which they have been issued shall
be  invalid.  Hereby,  this  resolution contradicts Article 28 of
the  Constitution  of  the Republic of Lithuania as well. By said
resolution,  the  Seimas  legalises  citizenship  irrespective of
the  fact  whether a person, has acquired it lawfully or not. The
constitutional  principle  establishing  that all people shall be
equal  before  the  law, the court, and other state institutions,
has also been violated (Part 1, Article 29, Constitution)".
     In  the  court  hearing, the petitioner's representative has
submitted the following additional arguments.
     The  fact  that  the  presence  of  the  armed forces of the
Soviet  Union  in Lithuania was unlawful is confirmed by a number
of  legal  acts: the Supreme Council of the republic of Lithuania
resolution  "On  1939  treaties  between  Germany  and  USSR  and
elimination  (liquidation)  of  their consequences to Lithuania",
7  February  1990, "13 March 1990 address of the Supreme Council"
To  the  Chairman  of  the  Supreme Soviet of the USSR", 19 March
1990  declaration  (statement  of  the  Supreme  Council  "On the
status  of  Soviet  armed  forces  in  Lithuania",  and partly 24
December  1989  resolution passed in the meeting of USSR People's
deputies.   The   Soviet   army   was   unlawfully  stationed  in
Lithuania,   thus,  there  is  no  ground  for  maintaining  that
persons,  who  formed  that army, had come to Lithuania lawfully.
Hereford  the  conclusion is to be made that the factual presence
of  servicemen  of the Soviet Union on the territory of Lithuania
did   not  mean,  however,  that  they  had  permanent  place  of
residence in Lithuania, because:
     a)   they   could   not  choose  their  place  of  residence
themselves;
     b)  Serviceman  of  the  Soviet  Union  were  registered  in
Lithuania according to legal status of foreign state.
     The   petitioners   representative   has   maintained   that
Certification  Testifying  to the (Person's) Decisions to Acquire
Citizenship  of  the  Republic  of Lithuania may have been issued
only  for  civilians  as  they  were valid only along with soviet
passport  they  possessed.  At  that time it was not the passport
but  military  card  (serviceman's identity card) which confirmed
the  person's  identity  and  citizenship  of  Soviet servicemen,
therefore,  the  certifications they have been issued are invalid
(unlawful).
     The  representative  of  the  party concerned has explained,
that  the  petitioner's  request  is  groundless  and the adopted
resolution  "On  amending item 5 of the resolution of the Supreme
Council  of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania  "On  the procedure for
implementing  the  Republic of Lithuania Law on Citizenship" does
not contradict the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania.
     The  representative  of  the  party  concerned has submitted
the following counter - arguments:
     The  goal  (purpose) of the resolution adopted by the Seimas
is  -  to regulate equal application of laws and other legal acts
that  are  in  force  now and were in effect earlier according to
the  principles  of  equality  of  men.  Seimas  resolution of 22
December  1993  has  regulated the meaning of items 8, 5 and 4 of
10  December  1991 resolution and provision thereof that no legal
acts  shall  have retroactive and, more so, they are not validity
with  respect  to  1989 Law, on Citizenship which is no longer in
force.  Said  resolution  adopted  by  the  Seimas  provides  the
possibility  for  the  citizens  of  the Republic of Lithuania to
lawfully  and  validity  be  issued with passports of citizens of
the republic of Lithuania".
     The  representative  of  the  party concerned holds that the
arguments submitted by the petitioner are not grounded, as:
     "1.  The  Seimas resolution has not amended the provision of
Article  12  of  the  Constitution  of the Republic of Lithuania,
but  ,  on  the  contrary,  has  regulated  that persons who have
acquired  citizenship  on  the bases prescribed by laws be issued
passports of a citizen.
     2.  Said  resolution  is  in conformity with Part 2, Article
12  of  the  Constitution,  because  the laws on Citizenship have
provided  for  other  separate  cases when persons are considered
to  be  citizens  of the Republic of Lithuania, and items 7 and 4
of  the  Supreme  Council of the Republic of Lithuania resolution
"On  the  procedure  for  implementing  the Republic of Lithuania
Law  on  Citizenship"  establish  that  citizenship of the Soviet
Union  with  regard  to persons specified in Article 1 of the Law
on Citizenship is null and void.
     3.  The  Seimas  resolution  cannot contradict Article 28 of
The  Constitution  of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania  as  well, as
citizenship  has  been  legalised  not  by said resolution but by
above  mentioned  Laws  on  Citizenship. The Seimas has regulated
the  application  of  legal  laws  in  issuing  passports for the
citizen  of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania.  The  wording "May be"
established  in  said  resolution allows for passport agencies to
check  whether  a  person  has  acquired  his  or her citizenship
validly and lawfully.
     4.  Seimas'  said  resolution  has  also  not  violated  the
provisions  of  Part  1,  Article  28 of the Constitution, as the
Seimas  "has  only  regulated  all  the  provisions of legal acts
specifying  that  all  citizens of the Republic of Lithuania must
be  issued  passports of citizens, i.e. that the principle of all
person's   equality  before  Laws  on  Citizenship  and  passport
agencies be established."
     The   representative   of   the   party   concerned  in  his
additional  explanation  (argumentation) on 7 April 1994 has also
that  Law  on  Citizenship did not forbid Soviet servicemen to be
citizens  of  Lithuania  and  they, by the Supreme Council of the
Republic   of   Lithuania   resolution   "On  the  procedure  for
implementing  the  Republic of Lithuania Law on Citizenship" were
allowed  to  serve in military structures within the period up to
1  March  1992.  Therefore,  he maintains that, persons specified
in  paragraph  3  Article 1 of the Law on Citizenship may as well
be  servicemen,  and they are not forbidden to be citizens of the
Republic  of  Lithuania  and  may  be  issued with passports of a
citizen of the Republic of Lithuania.
     There  may  not  be  different  explanations  with regard to
what  is  the permanent place of residence of servicemen or other
persons.  Besides,  the  permanent  place  of residence should be
decided  in  accordance  with permanent registration of residents
which   was  in  force  at  that  time  (at  the  time  of  their
residing).
  
     The Constitutional Court
                           holds that:                           

     Citizenship   is   a   person's  permanent  political  legal
relation  to  a  certain  state,  grounded  on  mutual rights and
obligations   as   well  mutual  trust,  loyalty  and  protection
therefrom.  Laws  on  citizenship  adopted  by  states  precisely
regulate  conditions  and  procedure  for  acquiring citizenship,
providing  for  the oath to the state and pledge of loyalty (with
exception  of  cases  when  citizenship  is  acquired  by birth),
forbidding  or  restricting  badly  double citizenship. In modern
contemporary    international    law   international   agreements
concerning  (on)  double  citizenship between states concerned is
considered a usual way of legalisation of double citizenship.
     The  Republic  of  Lithuania  Law  on  Citizenship,  adopted
1989,   did   not  provide  for  possibility  for  a  citizen  of
Lithuania  to  be  at  the  same time a citizen of another state.
This  provision  was also established in Provisional Basic Law in
Part  2,  Article  13  of  which  it was promulgated: "As rule, a
citizen  of  Lithuania  may not be currently a citizen of another
state".  The  above  mentioned constitutional provision was later
specified  by  the  Supreme  Council of the Republic of Lithuania
resolution  "On  the  procedure for application of Articles 7 and
35  of  the  Law  of  the  republic of Lithuania on Citizenship",
passed  on  9  June  1990. In said resolution it was interpreted:
"A   citizen  of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania  may  possess  the
citizenship  of  another  state  only  in  cases  when, by way of
exception,   he   is  granted  citizenship  of  the  Republic  of
Lithuanian  accordance  with Article 7 of the Law of the Republic
of Lithuania on Citizenship".
     Double   citizenship   has   become   more  restricted  upon
adoption  of  16  April  1991 Law " On amending Article 18 of the
Republic   of  Lithuania  Law  on  Citizenship",  by  which  said
Article  establishing  the  cases  of the loss of citizenship was
appended  by  item 4 providing for the loss of citizenship on the
following  basis:  "upon  acquisition  of  citizenship of another
state".  True,  the  provisions  concerning restriction of double
citizenship   in   Lithuania   were   later   adjusted  (amended)
providing   for   additional   ways   of   exception   for   this
prohibition.  It  concerned,  however  persons  of one category -
persons  who  were citizens of the republic of Lithuania prior to
June  15  1940,  and  their  descendants. Thus, there is no legal
ground   for   maintaining  that,  with  the  exception  of  said
prescribed  by  law cases, other persons acquiring citizenship of
the  Republic  of  Lithuania  may  currently be citizens of other
states.
     In   Article   1   of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania  Law  on
Citizenship,  adopted  1989,  it  established  that the following
persons shall be citizens of Lithuania:
     (1)   Persons   who   were   citizens  of  the  Republic  of
Lithuania,  children  and  grandchildren of such persons, as well
as  other  persons  who  were  permanent residents on the current
territory  of  the  Lithuanian  SSR  prior  to  15 July 1940, and
their  children  and  grandchildren  who  now  are  or  have been
permanent residents on the territory of the Lithuanian SSR;
     (2)  Persons  who have a permanent place of residence in the
Lithuanian  SSR,  provided they were born on the territory of the
Lithuanian  SSR,  or  have  provided  that  at least one of their
parents   or   grandparents  was  born  on  said  territory,  and
provided that they are not citizens of another state;
     (3)  Other  persons  who,  up  to  and including the date of
entry  into  force  of this Law, have been permanent residents on
the  territory  of  the  Republic and have here a permanent place
of  employment  or another constant legal source of support; such
persons  shall  freely  choose their citizenship during two years
following the entry into force of this Law; and
     (4)   Persons   who   have   acquired   citizenship  of  the
Lithuanian SSR under this law".
     It  is  obvious  that completely different groups of persons
,  which  have  had  specific  relations  with  the  Republic  of
Lithuania,   are   specified  in  every  item  of  said  Article,
therefore,  not  only  general  requirements  for  them have been
established  by  law,  but also different procedures for granting
citizenship   for   separate  groups  of  persons  or  additional
conditions necessary to acquire citizenship.
     General  requirements  and  conditions  for  persons  of all
groups  were  as  follows:  at first they were considered only as
potential  citizens  as  they were guaranteed the right to freely
decide  on  their  citizenship;  the  prerequisite  for  becoming
citizens  of  Lithuania  was permanent residence on the territory
of  Lithuania;  having accepted citizenship of Lithuania they all
had to take the pledge of loyalty to the Republic of Lithuania.
     Citizens  specified  in  paragraphs  1 and 2 of Article 1 of
the  Law  on  Citizenship ex officio (by virtue of their previous
right)  have  become citizens of the Republic of Lithuania - they
had   only   to   provide   evidence   for   (about)  appropriate
circumstances   and  to  apply  for  the  issuance  of  citizens'
documents.  Their  right  to decide on citizenship actually meant
the   right   to  renounce  citizenship  of  Lithuania.  In  this
respect,   the   status  of  the  persons  of  other  groups  was
completely  different.  Persons  mentioned in paragraph 4 of said
Article  could  acquire citizenship only in accordance with other
Articles   of   the  Law  on  Citizenship:  Article  7  (granting
citizenship   by   way   of   exception),  Article  15  (granting
citizenship  by  naturalisation),  etc.  Conditions and procedure
for  granting  citizenship  for persons specified in paragraph 3,
Article  1  were  also  different.  These  persons were different
from  persons  specified  in  items 1 and 2, Article 1 as earlier
they   had   never   had  firm  permanent  legal  relations  with
Lithuania.  As  matter  of fact, they were immigrants (settlers),
who  have  come  from  places  that  are  beyond  the  borders of
Lithuania.  As  a rule, they had citizenship of the Soviet Union.
After  restoration  of independent state of Lithuania they became
here  foreigners.  In  other states, citizenship for such persons
is   generally   granted   by   naturalisation.   In   Lithuania,
citizenship   for   them  was  granted  in  a  rather  simplified
procedure.  It  was  required from them to be permanent residents
on  the  territory  of  Lithuania and have here a permanent place
of  employment  or another constant legal source of support. They
had  the  right  within  2 years following the enforcement of the
Law  on  Citizenship  to  freely  decide  on  citizenship , i. e.
could  either  retain  citizenship  of the Soviet Union or become
citizens   of   Lithuania.   This  case  may  be  interpreted  as
acquisition  of  citizenship  by  voicing  one's option, because,
upon  restoration  of  independent  state  and end of occupation,
part  of  residents,  who  had not have firm legal relations with
former state of Lithuania, were entitled to the right  to  choose 
citizenship.
     Voicing  one's  option  as a way of acquiring citizenship is
usually  provided  for  by  bilateral international treaties with
the  Republic  of  Lithuania.  This opportunity of choosing one's
citizenship  (i.  e.  by voicing one's option, in fact) which had
been   unilaterally   promulgated   by   Lithuania,   was   later
recognised    by   Russia   as   Soviet   Union   successor.   On
international  level  this  principle  of  option was actually de
jure  registered  (included)  in the treaty between Lithuania and
Russia  "On  the basis of state relations" which was signed on 29
July 1991 in Moscow.
     In   accordance  with  the  Republic  of  Lithuania  Law  on
Citizenship,   adopted   1989,  the  prerequisite  for  acquiring
citizenship  for  persons who were born beyond the borders of the
Republic  of  Lithuania  (with  exception of those cases, when at
least  one  of his or her parents or grandparents was born on the
territory   of   Lithuania)   was   permanent  residence  on  the
territory  of  Lithuania  and  a permanent place of employment or
another  constant  legal  source  of  support  in Lithuania. Only
those  persons  in  conformity with paragraph 3, Article 1 of the
Law  on  Citizenship, were entitled to the right to freely decide
on  citizenship  within  2 years following the enforcement of the
Law, i. e. until 4 November 1991.
     Conditions    prescribed    by   said   Law   had   relevant
significance  in  resolving  issues  on  citizenship.  They  have
priority  with  regard  to  person's  decision  on citizenship of
Lithuania,  i.  e.  only  a  person who meets these conditions is
entitled  to  the  right  to  decide on citizenship of Lithuania.
And,  on  the  contrary,  -  when  a  person  fails to meet above
mentioned  conditions  for  acquiring  citizenship,  his  wish to
become  a  citizen  of  the Republic of Lithuania shall not bring
legal  consequences,  and if on this ground thereof he or she has
been   issued   a   Citizen   of   the   Republic   of  Lithuania
Certification   Card   or   a  Certification  testifying  to  the
[Person's]  Decision  to  Acquire  Citizenship of the Republic of
Lithuania, they must be recognised invalid.
     Therefore,  the  interpretation  of above mentioned concepts
"permanent   residence   on   the  territory  of  Lithuania"  and
"permanent   place   of   employment  constant  legal  source  of
support"   acquires   special   importance.  In  the  Law,  these
concepts  were  not  fully defined, thus their interpretation was
formed  while  practically  applying  norms  of  the  law,  their
contents    was    certainly    specified   (particularised)   in
resolutions  of  the  Supreme Council. Said concepts were clearly
enough  defined  in  item 3 of the Supreme Council resolution "On
the  procedure  for implementing the Republic of Lithuania Law on
Citizenship"  adopted  10  December 1991, which specified that "a
person  shall  be considered as permanently residing in Lithuania
if he or she:
     -   has   been  registered  in  the  register  of  permanent
residents of the Republic of Lithuania;
     -  and  has  acquired  living  quarters  in Lithuania by the
right  to  ownership  or leased same for an indefinite period, or
is the owner's or tenant's family member;
     -  and  is  employed  in Lithuania under employment contract
or  has  another  paid  occupation  in  Lithuania,  is somebody's
dependant  or  is  paid  a  pension  legally due to him or her in
Lithuania;
     -  and  pays  on  the territory of Lithuania income tax, and
other  taxes  established  by  laws of the Republic of Lithuania,
or is exempt therefrom in the manner established by law."
     There  is  no  much doubt expressed about the interpretation
of  these  concepts  (the interpretation of these concepts is not
is  not  questioned  a  lot),  only  it  is  maintained that such
resolution  and  provisions  thereof are applicable solely to the
new  Law  on  Citizenship  (1991).  Thus,  it  is stated, that in
order   to   prove   permanent  residence  on  the  territory  of
Lithuania  under  1989 Law on Citizenship, it should be necessary
to   refer  to  former  registration  of  residents.  This  is  a
doubtful   statement   because  previous  temporary  as  well  as
permanent    registration   of   residents   was,   in   essence,
administrative  measure  which  restricted one of the fundamental
human  rights  - the right to freely move on the territory of the
state  and  to  freely choose one's place of residence. It should
also   be   noted,  that  such  procedure  for  registration  was
obviously   of   discriminative   nature   as   restrictions   of
registration  were  not  applied to servicemen of occupation army
and   other   officials   of   occupation  regime  (they  enjoyed
exceptions   and   privileges).   It   is  also  important,  that
servicemen  could  not  freely  choose  place  of their residence
themselves  as  they  were  stationed and periodically dislocated
under the orders of high military authority.
     The  issue  concerning  the  status  of  Soviet  army troops
stationed  on  the territory of Lithuania arose in the process of
preparation  for  1990 elections to the Supreme Council and local
councils.  At  the  beginning,  the  Supreme  Council  by  its 29
September  1989  and  7  December 1989 resolutions has elucidated
that  servicemen  of  Soviet  army  troops  shall  participate in
elections  general  (i. e. former occupation) procedure: separate
election  Committees  shall  be  formed and lists of voters shall
be  established  in  submits, candidates to the posts of deputies
shall  be  nominated in the meetings of soldiers. Later, however,
when  on  the  initiative of citizens of Lithuania, referendum on
the   possibility   for   Soviet  servicemen  to  participate  in
elections  was  called  forth,  the Supreme Council by 15 January
1990  resolution  recognised said elucidation's null and void and
has  established  that  only those servicemen who under Article 1
of  the  Law  on  Citizenship  may be citizens of Lithuania shall
participate   in   elections.   Thus,   already   prior   to  the
restoration  of  independent  state  of  Lithuania  it  had  been
established   that   servicemen   of  occupation  army  were  not
entitled  to  the  right to participate in elections organised in
Lithuania,  with  exception  of  those persons who under 1989 Law
on  Citizenship  could be recognised citizens of Lithuania. These
were  the  persons  who  were  recognised citizens of Republic of
Lithuania  in  accordance  with  paragraphs 1 and 2, Article 1 of
Law  on  Citizenship, as well as other persons who in established
judicial  procedure  had  already become citizens of the Republic
of Lithuania.
     Lithuania's  standpoint  (point  of view) to armed forces of
the  Soviet  Union  stationed  on  its territory as to occupation
army  was  officially expressed (stated) in the Supreme Council 7
February  1990  resolution  "On 1939 treaties between Germany and
the  USSR  and elimination (liquidation) of their consequences to
Lithuania",  the  Supreme  Council  19 March 1990 declaration "On
the  status  of  Soviet  armed forces in Lithuania" as well as in
many  other  documents  of the Supreme Council. The activities of
KGB,  internal  troops  and  other  repressive  structures of the
Soviet   Union   operating   in   Lithuania   were  appropriately
(accordingly)  evaluated.  It  should  be noted, that the fact of
1940  annexation  and  occupation  of Lithuania was recognised by
many  states  of the world. The same recognition was expressed in
the  preamble  to the treaty between Lithuania and Russia "On the
basis  of  interstate  of  relations" which was signed on 29 July
1991 in Moscow.
     Therefore,   the   provisions  of  the  Supreme  Council  10
December  1991  resolution "On the procedure for implementing the
Republic  of  Lithuania  Law on Citizenship are actually based on
the  same  interpretation  of  illegal  stationing  of occupation
army  on  the  territory  of  another  state together with (along
with)  other  legal  consequences  therefrom. It should be noted,
that  former  (previous)  item  5  of  said  resolution  could be
applied  only  to former servicemen of occupation army of foreign
state   as   well   as  persons  who  had  served  in  repressive
structures   of   foreign  state.  The  statement  that  "persons
serving  in  the armed forces, internal troops and state security
structures,  as  well  as  other  law  enforcement and repressive
structures  of  the  Soviet  Union  which  have  been  unlawfully
stationed  and  operating  in  Lithuania  since 15 June 1940, may
not   be  considered  as  permanently  residing  or  employed  in
Lithuania",  was  logically related to said official declarations
(statements)  of  the  Seimas of Lithuania on (pertaining to) the
location  residing  of  occupation  army in Lithuania and may not
be  evaluated  as  new  interpretation  of the provisions of 1989
Law   in   Citizenship.   The   explanation  that  evaluation  of
occupation  army  can  be  different with regard to time, may not
be admitted either. It is obvious that irrespective of time:
     1)   neither  occupation  army  (along  with  soldiers)  nor
repressive  structures  (along  with  officers) of foreign state,
which   resided   in   Lithuania  without  free-will  consent  of
Lithuania's  authorities,  could  be  interpreted (considered) as
lawfully residing;
     2)  service  in  occupation army or repressive structures of
foreign   state  could  not  be  considered  as  legal  permanent
employment on the territory of Lithuania;
     3)  Unlawful,  i.  e.  without free-will consent of official
authorities  of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania,  residing  on  the
territory  of  Lithuania  irrespective of its duration, could not
be   considered   as   lawful   permanent  on  the  territory  of
Lithuania.
     Reservations  should  also  be  made about explanations that
laws  of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania  allowed servicemen of the
Soviet  Union  to  be  citizens  of the Republic of Lithuania and
that  the  latter were permitted to stay in said services until 1
March   1992.   In   this   case,  different  ways  of  acquiring
citizenship  are  mixed,  thus,  providing conditions for evading
prohibitions   for   soldiers  of  occupation  troops  to  become
citizens  of  Lithuania.  In  cases when in legal acts mention is
made  of  citizens of the Republic of Lithuania who serve in army
troops  of  the  Soviet  Union,  it is meant persons who acquired
citizenship  under  paragraph  1  or  2, Article 1 of 1989 Law on
Citizenship.  They  could  find themselves in occupation army for
different  reasons,  however,  the  citizenship of Lithuania they
acquired  is  lawful  because  they  are  either  descendants  of
former  citizens  of  Lithuania  or  they  themselves  (or  their
parents,  grandparents)  were  born in Lithuania. Namely for such
persons,  i.  e.  lawful  citizens  of  Lithuania,  item 4 of the
Supreme  Council  10  December  1991 resolution "On the procedure
for   the   implementing   the   Republic  of  Lithuania  Law  on
Citizenship"  was  meant,  which  set  the  terms  (until 1 March
1992)  for  the  termination  of  military  or another service in
institutions of foreign state.
     The  above  mentioned  as  well  as  other  persons  who had
lawfully  acquired  citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania were
considered  as  having lost citizenship of the Soviet Union. With
regard  to  said  persons,  citizenship  of  the Soviet Union was
declared  null  and  void.  Such decision meant that consequences
of   occupation   and  annexation  with  regard  to  citizens  of
Lithuania  who  had been enforced citizenship of the Soviet Union
against  their  will,  were  being eliminated (overcome). It goes
without  saying,  that  such  decision  on  the part of the state
could  be  adopted  only  with  regard  to  its citizens, and the
state,  by  no means, could resolve issues concerning citizenship
of another state.
     In  accordance  with laws of the Soviet Union, only citizens
of  the  Soviet  Union,  only  citizens  of the Soviet Union were
allowed  to  serve  in the armed forces of that state. Therefore,
in  cases  when  servicemen  of the Soviet Union upon issuance of
Citizens  of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania  certification Card or
Certification  Testifying  to  the [Persons'] Decision to Acquire
Citizenship  Republic  of  Lithuania  (with  exception of persons
stipulated  in  paragraphs  1 and 2, Article 1 of 1989 Law of the
Republic  of  Lithuania on Citizenship), continued their military
service,  laws  were violated twice: 1)they unlawfully acquired a
Citizen  of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania  Certification Card, as
said  servicemen  could  not  become  citizens of the Republic of
Lithuania   under   paragraph   3,   Article  1  of  the  Law  on
Citizenship;  2)  they unlawfully acquired double citizenship, as
laws  of  the  Republic  of  Lithuania  do not provide for double
citizenship for this category of persons.
     Provisions  of  item  5  of the Republic of Lithuania Law on
Citizenship",  10  December 1991, are in compliance with the main
principles  of  international  law.  In  Article  49 of 12 August
1949  Geneva  Convention on Protection of Civilians During War it
is   promulgated  (declared):  "The  occupying  country  may  not
deport   or   dislocate  part  of  its  civil  residents  to  the
territory  it  occupies".  If  such restrictions are imposed with
regard  to  civil residents (civilians), it is inappropriate even
to  talk  about  the  right  of servicemen of occupation army and
officials  of  other  repressive structures to citizenship of the
occupied state.
     The  representative  of  the  party concerned has maintained
that  the  item  5  of  the  Supreme  Council  10  December  1991
resolution  "On  the  procedure  for implementing the Republic of
Lithuania  Law  on Citizenship" may not be applied to 1989 Law on
Citizenship  which  is  no  longer  in force, Nevertheless, it is
requested  to  recognize  as  lawful amendment to said resolution
by  which  item  5  has  been  appended  by  a  new  second part,
considering  that  it may be applied retroactively, i. e. applied
to  legal  consequences  ensuing  from the law which is no longer
in  effect,  striving  for  the  revision  (with  the  purpose to
revise them).
     The  first  and  second  parts  of  item  5  of  the  Seimas
resolution  "On  the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania
resolution  "On  the  procedure  for implementing the Republic of
Lithuania  Law  on  Citizenship""  contradict each other and even
deny  each  other.  Furthermore,  in the second part attempts are
made  to  legalise  documents conforming citizenship of Lithuania
which  have  been  unlawfully  obtained  by some servicemen, thus
this   part   contradicts   the   provisions   of   1989  Law  on
Citizenship.  In  this case, by said resolution provisions of the
law  which  has  already been realised and is no longer in effect
are  revised,  and  attempts are made to achieve the result which
was  not  stipulated  either  in  1989  law on Citizenship nor in
1991  Law  on  Citizenship  which is now in force. Therefore, the
resolution  in  dispute according to its contents contradicts the
Republic  of  Lithuania Laws on Citizenship as well as Article 28
of  the  Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, and according
to  its  form - Article 12 of the Constitution of the Republic of
Lithuania.

     Conforming  to  Article  102  of  the  Constitution  of  the
Republic  of  Lithuania  as well as Articles 53, 54, 55 and 56 of
the   Law   on  the  Constitutional  Court  of  the  Republic  of
Lithuania,   the   Constitutional   Court   of  the  Republic  of
Lithuania has passed the following
                            ruling :                             

     To  recognize  that  the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania
resolution  "On  amending  item  5  of the Supreme Council of the
Republic   of   Lithuania   resolution   "On  the  procedure  for
implementing  the  Republic  of  Lithuania  Law on Citizenship"",
adopted  22  December 1993, according to its contents contradicts
the  Republic  of  Lithuania  Laws  on  Citizenship  as  well  as
Article  28  of  the  Constitution  of the Republic of Lithuania,
and  according  its  form - Article 12 of the Constitution of the
Republic of Lithuania.

     This  Constitutional  Court  ruling is final and not subject
to appeal.
     The  ruling  is  promulgated  on  behalf  of the Republic of
Lithuania.